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For the record, I just looked up the dates: MTV was launched in August, 1981, and Thriller released in November, 1982.
Actually, although the "Thriller" album was released in 1982, the video for "Billie Jean" was not released until 1983 and the famous "Thriller" video was not released until 1984.
And as to the question whether the MTV racial question was noticeable at the time, I think it was noticeable to certain segments of society, probably most noticeably to the black artists who were missing out on the promotion of having their videos played on the new and burgeoning MTV, although David Bowie famously had an outburst on-air about the lack of black artists' videos. To get away from the Sharpton hype and eulogizing hyperbole, this is an article that came out a few years ago about what was going on at the time:
Why it took MTV so long to play black music videosThis Blender blurb also came out a few months ago and is more generally about "Billie Jean" but also discusses the dispute between MTV and CBS to air the "Billie Jean" video:
Blender on Billie JeanI think television is an interesting comparison. Were there African-American actors on television during the 1960s and 1970s? Absolutely, but "The Cosby Show" was still important in that it showed that mainstream audiences were willing to watch an African-American family that didn't live in a junkyard ("Sanford and Son") or the projects ("Good Times") and make it #1. Incidentally, "The Cosby Show" debuted in the fall of 1984, in the wake of "Thriller" and "Billie Jean."
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Why they thought their 'format was white rock' I couldn't answer. Because with an outfit like MTV, it has to be commercial concerns at work, not garden variety racism of the old sort. Obviously it took them a while, although not that long, to realize that they'd been shortsighted, but if it was even a little over year, they thought their formula was working to achieve its goal of capturing a big audience.
I don't think the MTV ever said, "Oh, we don't want to air videos by any black artists," but I do think there was a strong sense that mainstream white audiences were not going to want a channel that featured predominantly black artists. It was a business decision, and it's the same business decisions that was made by many magazines not to feature African-American models or celebrities on their covers for many years. Or why studios and networks are very reluctant to make films with large budgets with predominantly African-American casts. For example, for all of Will Smith's box office power, the studio refused to cast a black woman as Smith's love interest in "Hitch" because there was fear that it would be ghettoized as a "black film" and lose appeal to white audiences. (Interestingly, the studio also refused to cast a white woman because they feared the film would alienate audiences in the South and Eva Mendes was cast). Even with films that are ostensibly about moments in African-American history such as "Amistad" and "Glory," white characters are often the lead characters who are somehow saving or leading the African-Americans through a crisis.
Apparently, white males don't like to see anybody but white males, because it's the same reason why studios don't like to make movies that feature predominantly female casts or have a female artists open concerts of other female artists.
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There's a bio of Judy Holliday (may get a chance to look up the author later) that pointed this out, and all the long history of Hollywood Jewish actors (with some exceptions like Paul Newman), but Holliday herself was Judith Tuvim, and that at the time was not going to work as a big star name. The Jewish names kept were by the moguls and the directors. You didn't see any big stars with names like Goldstein, Rosenbaum, Schwartz, etc. Sure, things like 'Segal', which can go either way. But stars basking in their Jewishness (of course, not nearly only that) didn't exist until Streisand was so powerful that she could get anything she wanted in that period.
This is still very common. It's not like Natalie Portman is actually named Natalie Portman (which is always interesting to me since she's quite devout). Performers don't like to limit their perceived versatility with names that are overly "ethnic." On the Jewish front, there's also John Stewart and Gene Wilder, but in other Anglicization, there's also of course Martin and Charlie Sheen (Estevez), Meg and Jennifer Tilly (Chan), and on the TV front James Roday (Rodriguez) and Paul Anthony Stewart (Tamaccio).
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The Cotton Club, established in 1920 in Harlem, featured black entertainers, but did not, at least in its earlier days, admit black patrons.
Actually, even clubs that did admit "black" patrons often used the "paper bag" test, that is, patrons who were considered darker than a paper bag were not admitted.